„Researchers discover a 2 billion year old Nuclear Reactor in Africa
Ancient Code by Ancient Code
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Two billion years ago parts of an African uranium deposit spontaneously underwent nuclear fission
In 1972, a worker at a nuclear fuel processing plant noticed something suspicious in a routine analysis of uranium obtained from a mineral source from Africa. As is the case with all natural uranium, the material under study contained three isotopes- three forms with different atomic masses: uranium 238, the most abundant variety; uranium 234, the rarest; and uranium 235, the isotope that can sustain a nuclear chain reaction. For weeks, specialists at the French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) remained perplexed
Elsewhere in the earth’s crust, on the moon and even in meteorites, we can find uranium 235 atoms that make up only 0.720 percent of the total. But in the samples that were analyzed, which came from the Oklo deposit in Gabon, a former French colony in West Africa, the uranium 235 constituted only 0.717 percent. That small difference was enough to alert French scientists that there was something very strange going on with the minerals. These little details led to further investigations which showed that at least a part of the mine was well below the standard amount of uranium 235: some 200 kilograms appeared to have been extracted in the distant past, today, that amount is enough to make half a dozen nuclear bombs. Soon, researchers and scientists from all over the world gathered in Gabon to explore what was going on with the Uranium from Oklo.“
„What was fund in Oklo surprised everyone gathered there, the site where the uranium originated from is an advanced subterranean nuclear reactor that goes well beyond the capabilities of our present scientific knowledge? Researchers believe that this ancient nuclear reactor is around 1.8 billion years old and operated for at least 500,000 years in the distant past. Scientists performed several other investigation at the uranium mine, and the results were made public at a conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency. According to News agencies from Africa, researchers had found traces of fission products and fuel wastes at various locations within the mine.
Incredibly, compared with this massive nuclear reactor, our modern-day nuclear reactors are not comparable both in design and functionality. According to studies, this ancient nuclear reactor was several kilometers long. Interestingly, for a large nuclear reactor like this, thermal impact towards the environment was limited to just 40 meters on the sides. What researchers found even more astonishing, are the radioactive wastes that have still not moved outside the boundaries of the site, as they have still held in place thanks to the geology of the area.“
„What is surprising is that a nuclear reaction had occurred in a way that the plutonium, the by-product, was created, and the nuclear reaction itself had been moderated. This is something considered as a “holy grail” of atomic science. The ability to moderate the reaction means that once the reaction was initiated, it was possible to leverage the output power in a controlled way, with the capacity to prevent catastrophic explosions or the release of the energy at a single time.
Researchers have dubbed the Nuclear Reactor at Oklo a “natural Nuclear Reactor”, but the truth about it goes far beyond our normal understanding. Some of the researchers that participated in the testing of the Nuclear reactor concluded that the minerals had been enriched in the distant past, around 1.8 billion years ago to spontaneously produce a chain reaction. They also found that water had been used to moderate the reaction in the same way that modern nuclear reactors cool down using graphite-cadium shafts preventing the reactor from going into critical state and exploding. All of this, “in nature”.“
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„Several specialists talked about the incredible Nuclear Reactor at Oklo, stating that at no time in the geologically estimated history of the Oklo deposits was the uranium sufficiently abundant Uranium 235 for a natural nuclear reaction to occur. When these deposits were formed in the distant past, due to the slowness of the radioactive decay of U-235, the fissionable material would have constituted only 3 percent of the total deposits – something too low mathematically speaking for a nuclear reaction to take place. However, a reaction took place mysteriously, suggesting that the original uranium was far richer in Uranium 235 than that in a natural formation.“
Source: https://www.ancient-code.com/researchers-discover-a-2-billion-year-old-nuclear-reactor-in-africa/
„Naturally-Occurring Nuclear Fission
James Masters
March 19, 2013
Submitted as coursework for PH241, Stanford University, Winter 2013
Introduction
This report will explore the subject of naturally-occurring nuclear fission reactions, focusing on the reactors of Gabon, Africa, which were operational approximately two billion years ago. This is intended to complement a past report, with this report having an emphasis on the following topics: the analysis of Xe isotopes from the Gabon sites to elucidate the operation of the reactors, the natural reactors as models for the management of modern nuclear fission waste, and the implication of the reactors‘ operation on the possible variance of the fine-structure constant (α) over time. [1]
Background
In 1972, a researcher analyzing uranium from the Oklo deposit in Gabon, Africa discovered that the samples contained a U-235 content of only 0.717 percent, significantly less than the 0.720 percent typical of modern uranium ore. Further, researchers found that at least one portion of the Oklo deposit was depleted, with approximately 200 kg of U-235 missing. [2] In addition, the depleted region of the deposit was found to be rich in nuclear fission products. This suggested that the uranium deposit had undergone a self-sustaining fission reaction that consumed the missing U-235 and generated fission products. [2,3]
The idea of a naturally-occurring fission reaction had been postulated in 1953 by Wetherwill and Inghram and further studied in 1956 by Kuroda. [2,4,5] As discussed elsewhere, the Gabon sites (16 in total, between the Oklo mine and the neighboring Okelobondo uranium mine) satisfied the conditions (e.g., appropriate size, presence of a moderator, and absence of neutron poisons) that had been proposed for natural fission reactors. [1] One criterion is particularly of note – while a modern, natural uranium deposit could not become a reactor due to its decreased U-235 content (0.720 percent), at the time that the Gabon reactors were operational, natural uranium contained approximately 3 percent U-235. This higher concentration enabled the self-sustaining fission reactors; in fact, it is comparable to the level of U-235 enrichment of the uranium fuel used in most modern nuclear power stations. [2]
Interpreting Xenon Isotopes
Meshik and co-workers studied (via mass spectrometry) the isotopic composition of xenon from Oklo rock, in order to probe the nature of the Gabon reactors. The researchers initially made two surprising discoveries. First, they observed that the xenon was not largely located in uranium-rich mineral grains as they had anticipated but instead was found in aluminum phosphate minerals. Second, they observed that the isotopic distribution differed from that of modern nuclear reactors. Of the nine stable isotopes of xenon, the material from Oklo was depleted in Xe-136 and Xe-134. [2] Meshik and co-workers recognized that none of the xenon isotopes were produced directly by the fission of uranium itself but, instead, were formed by the decay of other fission products (specifically, radioactive iodine and tellurium). Thus, they recognized that the formation of the various xenon isotopes would be dependent upon the lifespans of their precursors. This would result in Xe-136 forming within one minute of the initiation of the self-sustained fission reaction, with Xe-134 forming after one hour, with Xe-132 and Xe-131 forming within days, and with Xe-129 only forming after millions of years. [2]
These key insights led Meshik and co-workers to propose that the Gabon reactors likely operated through a series of „on/off“ cycles. [2,6] Essential to this conclusion was the proposal (by Meshik and others) that the reactors were moderated by water. [2,3] In the presence of water, neutrons are slowed to thermal energies, and a fission chain reaction can occur. However, the heat generated by the reaction would eventually boil the water away, halting fission until groundwater returned. [2,3] This cycle explains the xenon isotope distribution: when the reactor was operating, the rapidly-formed Xe-134 and Xe-136 gases were driven off, but the precursors that would ultimately yield Xe-132, Xe-131, and Xe-129 were incorporated into aluminum phosphate minerals as the reactor cooled, during an „off“ cycle. This explains the absence of Xe-134 and Xe-136 from these aluminum phosphate minerals. Moreover, this dependence on a water moderator could also explain the absence of xenon from the uranium-rich mineral grains: the water would have washed away the water-soluble tellurium and iodine isotopes that would have led to xenon. [2]
From the Xe-131 / Xe-134 and Xe-132 / Xe-134 ratios of the aluminum phosphate from the Oklo site, Meshik and co-workers calculated the operating schedule for the Oklo reactors. Their calculations indicated a 30-minute „on“ period of fission (with concomitant boiling of the water moderator) followed by a 2-hour, 30-minute „off“ cooling period before water returned and the reactor again became self-sustaining. [2,6]
Implications for Waste Disposal
As the Gabon reactors produced large amounts of radioactive fission waste products, they have been studied as a natural model for fission waste management. Meshik has highlighted the ability of aluminum phosphate minerals to store fission products, including gaseous products, for billions of years. Such storage could be an alternative to the venting of radioactive gases from nuclear plants into the atmosphere. [2] In addition, Gauthier-Lafaye has examined the topic in great detail. Specifically, Gauthier-Lafaye has noted that many fission products from the Oklo reactors (e.g. Pu, Th, Zr, Ru, Rh, Pd, and rare-earth elements [REE]) have been retained, by virtue of their high solubility in uraninite and low solubility in groundwater. Furthermore, other matrices such as apatites, chlorites, and clay minerals have been implicated in the storage of actinides and fission products. [7] The rate of dissolution of the Oklo uraninite and the subsequent release of its stored fission products has also been discussed. Gauthier-Lafaye notes that although uraninite dissolution has been observed, the present existence of uraninite (two billion years after the reactors were operational) suggests that the dissolution rate is very low. This high stability of uraninite has been explained by the presence of a reducing environment (mediated by Fe(II) minerals) and by natural protection of the material by clay minerals and organic material. [7]
Thus, the Oklo reactors constitute a useful long-term study on the storage of nuclear fission products, and the fact that the products have been stored so effectively by these various means suggests that similar storage techniques could possibly be employed for the storage of fission waste from modern reactors.
The Time Variation of the Fine-Structure Constant α
The fine-structure constant (α) is a fundamental physical constant which affects a multitude of physical phenomena. Its relation to other physical values and its approximate value are as follows: [8]
α = e2/2ε0hc ≈ 1/137
As Barrow and Webb note, the precise value of this constant has a significant impact on physical events: the value affects the density of solid matter, the temperatures of chemical bond dissociations, and the stability of nuclei. If the value of α were to become greater than 0.1, nuclear fusion would be impossible. Furthermore, a shift of just four percent in the value of α would yield a change in the energy levels of carbon nuclei so dramatic that its production in stars would not occur. [8] Given that α has such in importance to fundamental physical processes, there has been significant interest in studying how the value of α may have changed over time. With nuclear processes having such a strong dependence on even minute variations in α, the Gabon reactors play an important role in determining the degree to which α may have changed over a very long period of time.
In 1976, Shlyakhter recognized that the operation of the Oklo reactors was dependent upon the ability of Sm-149 to undergo neutron capture. He also he recognized that, in order for this process to have occurred at Oklo, it was necessary for a value of a particular resonant energy level of the Oklo Sm-149 to be very similar to its present value. This resonant energy level is dependent upon α and, thus, is sensitive to changes in α. [8-11] From the isotopic composition of samples from Oklo, the capture cross-section value (at the time that the reactors were operational), as well as the possible range of its variation, could be determined. From this, the upper boundaries for the range of variation in the resonance energy level and, therefore, in α, could be determined. [11]. Shlyakhter thus determined that the rate of change of α (specifically, [rate of change of α]/[α]) must be < 10-17 / year. [11,12] In 2004, Lamoreaux and Torgerson analyzed the Oklo reactor data and its implications on the time variation of α. [13] A key aspect of their analysis was the recognition that the uranium present in the Oklo reactor could act as a 1/v neutron absorber, a factor which alters the neutron energy spectrum of the reactor. Taking this into account, Lamoreaux and Torgerson calculated that the value of α has decreased over the past two billion years. Specifically, they calculated the |[rate of change of α]/[α]| to be < 3.8 x 10-17 / year (95% confidence). [13] In 2006, Petrov and co-workers published a comprehensive analysis in which a complete computer model of one of the Oklo reactors (RZ2) was constructed. [12] Using this model, the researchers determined the averaged cross section for Sm-149, which was then used to determine the limits on the variation of α. Petrov and co-workers determined these limits to be -3.7 x 10-17 / year < [rate of change of α]/[α] < 3.1 x 10 -17 / year. [12] Thus, their analysis indicates that a distinct increase or decrease in α over the past two billion years is not a certainty.
Conclusions
Petrov and co-workers commented that "the discovery of the Oklo natural nuclear reactor in Gabon (West Africa) in 1972 was possibly one of the most momentous events in reactor physics since 1942, when Enrico Fermi and his team achieved an artificial self-sustained fission chain reaction." [12] As discussed herein, the implications of this event have been significant and far-reaching. The discovery, geological distribution, and isotopic pattern of fission products (namely, xenon) led to significant insight into the operation of the Gabon reactors, which may find additional utility should evidence of other natural reactors be found in the future. The discovery that the reactor fission products were well-contained and were resistant to dissolution in groundwater may suggest methods of managing modern nuclear waste products. Finally, the very fact that the reactors were operational at all has stimulated discussion regarding the time variation of a fundamental physical constant, leading to comprehensive analyses of the reactor data in an effort to answer this important question. Given the manifold consequences of these natural fission reactors, the statement by Petrov and co-workers rings true, with the story of natural nuclear fission being one of special interest within the realm of nuclear physics.
© James T. Masters. The author grants permission to copy, distribute and display this work in unaltered form, with attribution to the author, for noncommercial purposes only. All other rights, including commercial rights, are reserved to the author."
Source: http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2013/ph241/masters2/
Kategorie: Time Travel/Quantum Paralleling
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Researchers discover a 2 billion year old Nuclear Reactor in Africa / Naturally-Occurring Nuclear Fission
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Randy Cramer – Super Soldiers. Moon Bases And Mars.
„Randy Cramer – Super Soldiers. Moon Bases And Mars.
3.253 Aufrufe•Am 23.06.2019 veröffentlicht“
„Created A genetically engineered super soldier from the ground up…mostly this is a nocturnal event, where I go to sleep and someone comes into my bedroom via
localized wormhole technology with some people often refer to as a teleportation technology but you know it’s not exactly like transporter beam so because there’s
a little portal or a door that has to come open that kind of specify that it’s localized wormhole technology, so one or two people would come through, wake me up,
escort me through and we would do whatever the training situation was that particular evening now I know it starts to throw a curveball at people when you
say time-travel as a factor because a lot of people are like: wait a minute, we don’t have that, you know, the Nazis were working on that technology in the 40s, we
were working on the tech technology in the 40s, so we’ve really been cracking the time travel technology code for decades, it is absolutely some of the
most classified and compartmentalized technology of all the covert technology, so even among people in the covert space program, the guys in Time Corps who have
access to the really good time-traveling equipment and…have the time travel maps and have it all mapped out and everything that’s a whole other level
of secrecy and a whole another level of what’s going on that I know very very little about other than that it exists and the military sections rely on the
time corps guys to do all that plotting, so anytime you’re transporting personnel vehicles and so forth and there’s a time factor, just like … when you’re in
a plane you report to the FAA that you’re going somewhere you file a flight plan you do the same thing with the time Corps time or plots are all out on their
equipment and then…gives you instructions where and when and what way you go and get there and what time frames are allowed to use and how you’re
able to bend a new time, so that for instance in one singular evening, where as often is the case this occurs between 2:30 and 4:30 a.m. and it is a
consistent thing. I know a lot of other people who have military abduction experiences and it’s very consistently between like this sort of
2:30, 3:30, 4:30 a.m. timeframe that lets say..someone comes in at 3 a.m. and then I come back at 3:15, but I’ve been away for a week, 10 days,
because that was the training period and the time corps guys like I said they plotted that course, so that’s called a quantum dilation when you have that
extension of time that essentially gets crammed into a shorter frame of time when you’re talking about your main timeline that’s called a quantum
dilation. (Randy Cramer)“
„But if I’m to understand the value of that integral of that solar inner solar intergalactic economy the
covert military space program covert military Mars colony corporations that work there making trillions and
trillions and trillions of equivalent dollars per year in all of that material so the notion that somehow down here on earth we are poor and we don’t have enough to help feed everybody and we don’t have enough to take care of everybody – it’s garbage – .. the planetary economy itself would be enough if we evened it out but when you include the intra solar in a galactic economy it’s ridiculous we can all be living like princes with if that wealth was you know evenly distributed around the planet which I’m not saying to evenly distribute all the wealth I’m
saying that to make it so so much of it is concentrated in this very very tiny part right right to say the rest of us there’s scarcity and we don’t have enough for you it’s just lies on top of damn lies. (Randy Cramer)(2019)(23.6.)“
„yeah… I understand..“
„Sixteen squads of sixteen person else like 256 soldiers in that division we had a sister division Oh 97 another 256 soldiers plus officers and …other personnel so the division itself is much larger than 256 but the soldier base for each division of the special tactical operations division is 256 people so us our sister division two others supporting division so it was just over a thousand men and women soldier personnel on the ground that engaged in this battle which went very badly for us you’ll forgive me if I brush over some of it I don’t really like talking about it it gets me choked up and emotional and I don’t like you know remembering it too clear because it was an ugly ugly ugly massacre where there were just over a thousand of us that walked into that cave and less than thirty five of us came out of that cave and so uh…I feel very fortunate in ways that I cannot I cannot even describe how fortunate I feel to be alive knowing you know just that particular day what the odds were that I was not going to be alive at the end of that day given what the odds were that not everybody else was going to be alive game of that day and that I still am being alive at the end of that day is nothing less than miraculous to me. (Randy Cramer)(2019)(23.6.) “
„Why were you going into the cave..?“
„We were informed that it was we were after an artifact when I say artifact that just means anything that belongs to the native Reptoids or insectoids that could be a piece of technology it could be a piece of pottery it could be a statute could be a clay tablet or a metal you know cylinder that has inscription on it or something it could be a personable material it could be persons it could be a weapon technology or anything so when they say an artifact that’s a list of things that an artifact could be so okay given a location we were told where we needed go we were told where the entrance of this particular cavern was that this was a known sacred location for these reptiles and they kept this particular artifact in this location and that it
was somehow going to be vulnerable for us to go get it but when we got there was no sign of anything. (Randy Cramer)(2019)(23.6.)“
„They were jamming the localized wormhole technology that would have been able to sort o… get out, so a large wormhole that they used to sort of transport ships or vehicles through sort of appeared right over the top of us and pulled us right through it and a few people were caught on the event horizon of that and so they were like essentially limbs cut off or cut in half and so we ended up on a medical receiving platform you know with a bunch of people lying on the ground bleeding coming apart a few people standing shocked you know trying to look around
and try and figure what was happening and all I could do was look down at you know my comrades who were bleeding out to death and calling for medics and kind of had a nervous breakdown you know I kind of wasn’t cool with all of this and and and really just kind of lost it and started swinging my arms pretty wildly and… knocked a couple orderlies .. in the head and the next thing I know like I’m just being tackled by medical technicians and… shot… with tranquilizers, so that …I just kind of faded into black from that experience and woke up in a chemical fog. (Randy Cramer)(2019)(23.6.)“
„People want to hear that people wanna hear stories… we’re a ceature who loves stories.. we have been telling stories about our collective experiences since time
immemorial, so people want to hear the stories, they want to know from the person who was there and they want to hear about that, I get it. I just want to emphasize though that this isn’t about me this isn’t about my story, I’m not doing this to get a bunch of personal attention, because I want personal attention I’m not doing this, because I want to sell a bazillion books
on my story and I want to you know make a bazillion dollars off this that’s not why I’m doing this I am telling my story to gain attention towards the things that are much more important than me and my story which are the fact that we have a Mars colony, a lunar colony, a lunar space station, a covert military space program which is collectively holding on to technology which would have all the green energy technology we need all the clean air clean water renewable fuels technology we would never have to.. drill or frack ever again …we’d be able to clean all of our water clean the air we’d never have to worry about the environmental degradation that we’ve been going through we will have a cleaner process for everything the fact that we have that technology that it’s not a like I said it’s not 20 years of investment and R&D; to get there we have it it’s just a matter of getting it from the programs that have it in order to
solve this problem so I’m not here to talk about me really I’ll tell my story I’m happy to share but what I really want to emphasize is I’m here so we can blow the lid off of secrecy, hello, let’s get through disclosure let’s get there because then we can actually fix some problems …then we can actually have clean green technology will never have to burn fossil fuels again and we will never have to have another airplane crash ever again, because we won’t have jets anymore , we’ll have vehicles that are traveling on magneto-gravitic-propulsion drives and glide through the air safely, fast and more cheaply that’sthe other interesting thing is that the technology in these programs to build spaceships is actually cheaper than the
fuel and building jet engines the medical technology that can restore damaged limbs and regrow damaged organs is cheaper and less expensive than all of that pharma research and development
and all of that making drugs and all of this invasive surgery technology all this other medical expense that we’re spending on is gargantuanly out of control as far as expensive all this other
cheaper better medical technology is cheaper faster easier so why would we be doing something that’s ineffective expensive wasteful polluting when we have all the options of doing things
cleaner better cheaper because we got there just there we just have to get those programs so that’s the main thing that I’m here to say it’s like this isn’t just about pipe dream hey we
should talk about this hey maybe someday know you’ve got this technology you we got in these programs we need to get them to the public sphere so that we can fix the problem I mean we wouldn’t have to be sitting around fighting and screaming at each other about climate change if we could just fix some of the problems that are contributing to that we can fix some of the pollution
problems we can fix some of the air and water and air quality ozone layer problems or technologically fixable so that’s one thing the second thing that is the most important thing is these
programs who are acting covertly would like you to believe that they are operating under the covert operations law and that they are legal operating systems of covert military intelligence
this is not the case they are violating article 1 of the Constitution they are violating the Constitution by not answering to the authority of the legislature and the executive branch and
the supreme court, so by essentially not answering to the legal apparatus of government in this country they are acting illegally, they are rogue agencies, they are not legal, they are not in the legal authority to say: hey we can do whatever we want, they are criminals. (Randy Cramer)“
„It is in danger because of this rogue criminal covert system, so we have the technology to fix everything, that’s one, it’s in these covert programs which are acting illegally. (Randy Cramer)“ -
Structures in Antarctica that cannot be explained!
„Structures in Antarctica that cannot be explained!
139 Aufrufe •Am 15.09.2019 veröffentlicht“
“
Fascinating Mysteries
215 Abonnenten
Anyone who has a computer or a tablet with an internet connection can use Google Earth to explore the most remote places in the world from home. But one of the most isolated regions on the planet seems to be the most difficult to observe and has the most inconsistencies, although the mapping technology is the same as for the rest of the world. What are they hiding from us?
Music: „Curse of the Scarab“ Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License“






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They Discovered This Bizarre Ancient Device In Peru…
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Hi1LhyFg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Hi1LhyFg
„They Discovered This Bizarre Ancient Device In Peru…“
„Zohar StarGate Ancient Discoveries
Am 07.07.2019 veröffentlicht
These inexplicable and baffling devices show such an advanced ancient technology we still don’t fully understand how to even use them. While these structures are both mysterious and fascinating enough, its what they can do that has everyone in awe. Not much is known about the builders of these relics, but one thing is for sure, if we ever reactivate these devices we may find ourselves in a different dimension in seconds.“






